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Media bias in the United States occurs when the media in the United States systematically emphasizes one particular point of view in a way that contravenes the standards of professional journalism. Claims of media bias in the United States include claims of liberal bias, conservative bias, mainstream bias, and corporate bias. To combat this, a variety of watchdog groups that attempt to find the facts behind both biased reporting and unfounded claims of bias 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What's FAIR? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=About Media Research Center )〕 have been founded. Research about media bias is now a subject of systematic scholarship in a variety of disciplines. ==History== Before the rise of professional journalism in the early 1900s and the conception of media ethics, newspapers reflected the opinions of the publisher. Frequently, an area would be served by competing newspapers taking differing and often radical views by modern standards. Ethnic newspapers were the norm in every metropolitan city during the 19th and early 20th century, including German, Dutch, Finnish, French and various Eastern European newspapers, which disappeared with increasing assimilation of their readership. During the 20th century, newspapers in various Asian languages, Spanish, and Arabic appeared and persist catering to the newer respective immigrant groups. In 1728, Benjamin Franklin, writing under the pseudonym "Busy-Body," wrote an article for the ''American Weekly Mercury'' advocating the printing of more paper money. He did not mention that his own printing company hoped to get the job of printing the money. It is an indication of the complexity of the issue of bias, that he not only stood to profit by printing the money, but he also seems to have genuinely believed that printing more money would stimulate trade. As his biographer Walter Isaacson points out, Franklin was never averse to "doing well by doing good."〔Walter Isaacson, ''Benjamin Franklin: An American Life'', Simon & Schuster, 2004, ISBN 0-7432-5807-X〕 In 1798, the Congress of the United States passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which prohibited the publication of "false, scandalous, or malicious writing" against the government and made it a crime to voice any public opposition to any law or presidential act. This act was only in effect until 1801. In 1861, President Abraham Lincoln accused newspapers in the border states of bias in favor of the Confederate cause and ordered many of them closed.〔Bruce Catton, "Bruce Catton's Civil War'', Random House, 1988, ISBN 978-0-517-44771-0〕 In the 19th century, many American newspapers made no pretense to lack of bias, openly advocating one or another political party. Big cities would often have competing newspapers supporting various political parties. To some extent this was mitigated by a separation between ''news'' and ''editorial''. News reporting was expected to be relatively neutral or at least factual, whereas editorial sections openly relayed the opinion of the publisher. Editorials might also have been accompanied by editorial cartoons, which would frequently lampoon the publisher's opponents.〔W. David Sloan (Editor), Lisa Mullikin Parcell (Editor), ''American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices'', McFarland & Company, April 2002, ISBN 0-7864-1371-9 ISBN 978-0-7864-1371-3〕 The advent of the Progressive Era, from the 1890s to the 1920s, was a period of relative reform with a particular journalistic style, while early in the period some American newspapers engaged in yellow journalism to increase sales. William Randolph Hearst, publisher of several major market newspapers, for example, deliberately falsified stories of incidents, which may have contributed to the Spanish–American War.〔Shortly before the war began, Hearst reportedly "sent an artist, Frederic Remington, to convey visually what (reporter ) had already done with words. Remington ... found things quiet when he arrived." He then exchanged telegrams with Hearst asking permission to return. According to a standard if apocryphal version of the story, Hearst replied, "You furnish pictures. I will furnish war." See also William Randolph Hearst, especially the section on "Yellow Journalism".〕 In the years leading up to World War II, politicians who favored the United States entering the war on the German side accused the international media of a pro-Jewish bias and often asserted that newspapers opposing entry of the United States on the German side were controlled by Jews. They claimed that reports of German mistreatment of Jews were biased and without foundation. Hollywood was said to be a hotbed of Jewish bias, and pro-German politicians in the United States called for Charlie Chaplin’s film ''The Great Dictator'' to be banned as an insult to a respected leader.〔Louis Pizzitola, ''Hearst Over Hollywood'', (quoting William Randolph Hearst) "Lindburg makes a still graver charge when he says that the 'greatest danger' to this country lies in the 'ownership' and 'influence' of the radio, motion pictures, and 'our government'." (quoting Douglas Fairbanks) "He (Kennedy ) apparently threw the fear of god into many of our producers and executives by telling them that the Jews were on the spot, and that they should stop making anti-Nazi pictures ...", Columbia University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-231-11646-2〕 During the civil rights movement in the 1960s, some White Southerners stated that television was biased against White Southerners and in favor of mixing of the races. In some cases, Southern television stations refused to air programs such as ''I Spy'' and ''Star Trek'' because of their racially mixed casts.〔Nichelle Nichols, ''Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories'', Berkley, 1995, ISBN 1-57297-011-1 ISBN 978-1-57297-011-3〕 During the labor union movement and the civil rights movement, newspapers supporting liberal social reform were accused by conservative newspapers of communist bias.〔Heather Cox Richardson, ''The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865–1901'', Harvard University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-674-00637-2, ISBN 978-0-674-00637-9〕〔Steve Estes, ''I Am a Man!: Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement'', The University of North Carolina Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8078-2929-3, ISBN 978-0-8078-2929-5〕 In November 1969, Spiro Agnew, then Vice President under Richard Nixon, made a landmark speech denouncing what he saw as media bias against the Vietnam War. He called those opposed to the war the "nattering nabobs of negativism."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=8148. Spiro T Agnew, US Vice President. Simpson's Contemporary Quotations. 1988 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Media bias in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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